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Jaltepec diagnosis
PRESENTATION

This document is the result of the proposed development of an environmental diagnosis of Candayoc Jaltepec, municipality of San Juan de Cotzocon, Oax. The collection of field data was undertaken by community participatory strategies, which were made by undergraduate students of Communication for Social Development and Management and Sustainable Development, which conducts the Center for Ayuuk - Intercultural Indigenous University Ayuuk (CEA -UIIA) based in the same locality.

The coordinator for the accompaniment, systematization, analysis and writing of this work was the Maestro. José Ramón Rodríguez Moreno, a visiting professor and CEA-UIIA who requested the support and advice for making the diagnosis.

Therefore, it was felt that students in the 3rd. Half of both races do their practice field and addressing the issues raised, which is part of the semester program, applying for the development of this diagnostic methodologies acquired in the chairs of Participatory Rural Appraisal, Community Development, Agroecology and Situation Analysis of environment. With the application of the methodology the students had the opportunity to make a theoretical-practical exercise to benefit the social sector.




INTRODUCTION

The aim of this diagnostic analysis is to establish the groundwork for sustaining the process of planning for community development Candayoc Jaltepec of the municipality San Juan de Cotzocon, Oax., Which emerges and starts from the curricular activities of the degrees in Communication Social Development and Management and Sustainable Development, which conducts the Center for Ayuuk - Intercultural Indigenous University Ayuuk (CEA-UIIA), University Center of Jesuit Colleges and Universities System, based in this community.

The methodological design of the diagnosis was based on participatory assessment strategies developed by Robert Chambers and methodology of Action Research in Latin America caused by Fals-Borda and Freire, particularly highlights the division and interaction of systems that are constructed and reconstructed locally, taking reference capital model proposed by Parra (Parra et al, 2005).

The work of collection and systematization of information, according to the methodological approach used, aimed to build a database which then provided a platform for information analysis and environmental assessment and socio-economic community, simultaneously incorporating map information and statistics socio - economic.

Theoretical information, map, statistics and originated from the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), as well as those arising from the semi-open implemented focus groups were evaluated using as reference the search of the basic objectives of improving systems local governance by surrounding the governance of natural resources and the fundamental requirement of trying to raise basic features of the quality of life for residents.

In that search, the study develops two chapters dealing, first, an environmental analysis of the natural physical system. Secondly, we try to characterize some basic and essential features of economic and productive system, which when analyzed in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary, helped identify and conclude with a diagnostic analysis to help you understand the main problems that constrain human development community.


METHODOLOGY

The investigation included analysis and evaluation using participatory strategies (PRS), the main natural and productive aspects of lifestyles of Jaltepec Candayoc, municipality of San Juan Cotzocon, Oaxaca, so building two chapters of research: an environmental assessment of natural physical system, and analysis of some aspects of socio-economic and productive.

The information gathered on these issues originated from semi-open focus groups, observations and especially the implementation of a community workshop or PRA. Additionally we searched and complementation of information using databases of INEGI and other secondary sources, both before and after the ERP.

On the other hand, the literature review was conducted through consultation with different authors and sources, which allowed the construction of the conceptual framework and analysis leading to the characterization of context and community relations, supporting simultaneously in particular literature and existing local community.

The construction of the main tools, classes, variables and indicators of ERP was based specifically on the work done by Boege (Boege, 2003), GEA (GEA 1993) and community development courses developed by the Universidad Veracruzana (1998 .) From them is conceptualized that all diagnosis should provide, first, an analytical view of the current situation under review, second, an assessment of the situation or the local context under study and finally, if possible, a diachronic analysis to assess from which derives the current situation, so in order to be able to give an explanation of the key findings that are in the research process and establish the interrelationships between the different subsystems investigated.

During the practice field were three substantive activities. The first was the landscape analysis, land use and vegetation from a transect started from the highest point of the geographical environment (Sacred Hill) and crossed to the south-west to the community.

The second activity was to conduct a participatory rural appraisal (PRA), with key community representatives and by implementing a set of tools collected and systematized the participatory and community information. This activity is closed with the development of an array of community problems, clearly identified by the participants, which led to further develop the ranking of problems and community diagnosis

The third field activity was developed in the implementation of semi-open interviews with key community officials and focus groups of interest, such information is collected in the field notes of each student and was later integrated into the general corpus results.

Additionally, we used INEGI maps 1:50 000 and 1:250 000 different themes and in order to identify the major geographic features, soils, hydrology, vegetation and land use and natural resources, communities and access roads.

In the treatment and analysis of data, it is an effort to integrate a cross-disciplinary and cross content and courses taken by students during the course, specifically disciplines such as anthropology, ecology, community development, participatory rural appraisal conjunctural analysis of the environment, agro-ecology, economy and history.

Finally, after having analyzed, systematized and interpreted the information gathered during the field work and office, was conducted to identify key issues and their ranking, which will interrelate with each other and point in the future to particular projects improvement and community development alternatives.

1. The natural-physical system
The objective pursued in this section is to determine to what extent the natural resources and physical and geographical characteristics of the municipality promote or constrain specific economic, social, political and cultural community.

In that sense, this chapter is comprised of three sections: the first is given to the location, boundaries, length, altitude and latitude of the community. Its objective is to identify and possible vocations interreleraciones of local economic activities and the features or capabilities that natural capital provides.

The second section includes the weather, land use and geomorphology of the municipality, is to know what the relation of environmental and geographical conditions of agricultural production. Presents the most important productive strategies practiced in the area and spatial distribution, according to land use, and explains in general and how are the region's natural resources used for agricultural production and the state that remain.

Additionally, climatic conditions are analyzed and then the scheduling of such conditions as they affect farming. Also analyzed together, the characteristics of agricultural soils, which allows, in addition to climatic characteristics, explain the different vocations in the region for agricultural production in different areas (maize, coffee, citrus, livestock, logging).

In the third section focuses on the hydrological, flora and fauna that are part of the physical-natural ecosystem. We present mainly the geography and conditions of the water supply, and a sample of flora and fauna in the local environment. The objective is to analyze how the population is using these natural capital, its limitations and potential that could facilitate or hinder the development of economic activities.

1.1 Location, boundaries, area and land area
The municipality of San Juan de Cotzocon is located in the northern highlands of Oaxaca, in the northeastern border with the state of Veracruz, and limiting to the north by the municipality of Santiago Yaveo, on the south by the municipalities of San Juan Mazatlan and San Miguel Quetzaltepec and the east by the municipalities and Santa Maria Santiago Zacatepec Alotepec. The municipality of San Juan Cotzocon has a land area of 945.39 km2, which represents just over 1% of the entire state territory (93,793 km2)

The community of Candayoc Jaltepec in the northeast boundary of the municipality, is located on the edge or the foothills of the Sierra Juárez, has a relief predominantly homogeneous and low altitude (100 - 50 m asl), the conformation of the territory is mostly gently rolling plains. Its geographical coordinates are 17 ° 33 'north latitude and 95 ° 43'de west, bordered on the north by the community of Mary Lombardo, east to communities of San Jose de las Flores and Mexican Constitution (separated by the river Jaltepec ) belonging to the municipality of San Juan Mazatlán.

The location of the communities regarding the height above sea level ranges from 1550 m (municipal seat) to 50 m (Jaltepec of Candayoc). The altitude of the community and their lack of topographical variation determines economic activities (production systems of robusta coffee, corn, citrus and cattle ranching)
















1.2 Conditions climatic, agricultural land, other uses and geomorphology

1.2.1 Climatic and seasonal calendar
We can say that the lack of altitudinal variation of the San Juan Cotzocon and specifically of Candayoc Jaltepec community is a determining factor for the consolidation climate. The few climate formulas found in the region, were determined based on the behavior of temperature and precipitation as the most important variable of the same and which have historical records, being Jaltepec home to one of these stations.

The three types of climate representative of the region are: Am (Warm moist); Af (m) (warm humid with rain all year) and Aw, warm subhumid (see figure, No. 1.2.1)



Figure 1.2.1. Oaxaca weather conditions as climate division
Source: Government of Oaxaca.



Temperatures Period
Maximum Temperature ° C
Minimum ° C
November to April, 1921 ° to 18 ° 16.5 ° 19.2 °
May-October 1933 ° 24 ° 20.4 ° to 24.5 °

Source: COLPOS-PMSL. Climas.htm




In terms of average rainfall, we have throughout the year (see Table 1.2.1) are clearly distinguished two seasons, the first corresponds to the months from November to April, and ranges from 300-250 mm, with 30 to 59 days significant rainfall, more than 0.1 mm rainfall, according to records from the station located at 20-043 Jaltepec of Candayoc (INEGI, 2001).

The second precipitation average, from May to October, ranging from 1700 - 2000 mm with 60-89 rainy days, as determined in the same reference.

The following presents the main features of her region's climate during the year, recorded from the systematization of climate information expressed in the ERP. The different colors indicate the onset of climate throughout the year feature

SEASONAL CALENDARS

EFMAMJJASOND WEATHER
COLD
HEAT
RAIN
WINDS
Canicula
STORMS
Table 1.2.1. Seasonal Calendar
Source: ERP Jaltepec


1.2.2 Geomorphology
In regard to geomorphology or science dedicated to studying the geological aspect and landform visible. In the northeast section of the municipal territory, dominated by a regular pattern and low altitude (200 - 50 m asl altitude), the conformation of the territory is mainly gently undulating plains.



Figure 1.2.2 Geographical Terrain
Source: Google Earth

In the area near the community there are steep slopes, just to the west and the south of the territory for the final extension of the saw. The few remaining semi-flat present no more than 50 ° and correspond to an appendix to the mountains of low altitude (<200 m) that extends north and where the sacred hill, the highest point of the study area .

1.2.3 Hydrology
The hydrological aspect comprises one of the most important natural resources owned by the municipality, however, its use by the population, has not been entirely appropriate, which will be shown later in the investigation. The following map will appreciate the mainstream of water circulating in the municipality: Trinity rivers, Jaltepec, San Andrés, river and Waxnep Bobo.

In particular, the region and its tributaries are Jaltepec, according to the hydrological boundary of the ANC, the administrative region X, Gulf center for Coatzacoalcos river basin (INEGI, 2001).

This region is in a unit area geohydrological consolidated material consisting of half chances, with fresh water of excellent quality and right on the border of the closed area, but outside of it.

With respect to tributaries of the river identified Jaltepec, all originate in the mountains to the borders from the south southwest. From the south - west and a watershed whose highest point is Mount Tzamplante (1550 m), which picks up intermittent and perennial tributaries to become the Waxnep river, then down the mountain at 500m in height, joins the river Jaltepec about 10 km south of the community.

The other major tributary originates south of the mountains from the watershed of Cerro Tuctañima to 1000 m and then collect tax on the decline side becomes the San Andreas which is then coupled to Waxnep river, a lake at 17 ° 15 'north latitude and 96 ° 25' west longitude, the starting point of the river itself Jaltepec. There are additionally, at least two main tributaries (unnamed) that originate in the mountains for an average altitude of 500 m, located between the river and San Andrés Waxnep (see Figure 1.2.3.1). South of the Sierra, the main tributary is the river that originates Aguacatenango tributaries born at least 1050 m in the Sierra partesaguas and join in the same meeting point of rivers and Waxnep San Andres.


Figure 1.2.3.1 Rivers and water bodies in the region scavenger Jaltepec
Source: Google map, maps INEGI


At the point marked on the map, the river Jaltepec separates the communities of Candayoc Jaltepec on the west bank of the river and the community of San Jose de las Flores on the east bank. Jaltepec River crosses the municipality from its site of formation, approximately 70 km and then at the height of Amate turns north and joins as tax Coatzacoalcos River, the main body of water in the basin and gives it its name.

Jaltepec region and surrounding areas (communities of Mary Lombardo, Jaltepec, San Jose and Order) form a natural depression approximately 12 km2 (lowest point of the region, from the foothills of the mountains), being very few high points (the sacred mountain at 200 m). The water network is formed from the Sierra continues its course until this depression, carrying sediment and fertilize their soil, it is not surprising that for a long time and during periods of the year, the area was flooded by the rivers cyclical screeds Trinidad and Jaltepec, edaphic features, in that sense, indicate that at the core of depression soils are of the same nature and alluvial features.

As can be seen in the previous figure, rivers Jaltepec and Trinidad are the recipients of large quantities of water that have formed from a complex and intricate process of collecting, beginning with the conjunction of many streams and tributaries and intermittent permanent whose points of origin are located in the mountains south of the region. Here highlights the environmental importance of the Sierra as intermediary and vital for the maintenance of biotic resources that affect human life and downstream production. The main streams can be identified are: Backpack Huamosle and north, Zapote, Mojarra tepejilote and west, the handles and Arena to the south and east Juan Hernández, to name the main ones.

Finally, it should be noted that the entire length and width of the depression mentioned, arise numerous intermittent streams and surface equal number of permanent springs (no names), which contribute substantially to Jaltepec flow and the Trinity, specifically during periods of dry through the filtration process of the subsoil and groundwater, which is indicative that the region is a natural reservoir of water drawn from the saw, which permits the existence, throughout the year, water in both rivers.

This reinforces the need to protect and preserve forests in the Sierra, as they represent vital agents responsible for the filtration of rainwater into the ground during the rainy season, thus avoiding large floods down when rain water is retained in the surface, which becomes catastrophic floods, as well as not incorporated into the groundwater.




Figure 1.2.3.2 Jaltepec River, opposite the community of Candayoc Jaltepec

The figure above shows the river Jaltepec in dry period, at 40-50 meters from the community, showing still an abundant flow as a consequence of absorbing and retaining water and streams forth above, which are deposited in its banks allowing for all year the community holds the vital fluid in his bed.

It should be noted that the quality of that water is excellent and the region is characterized by the INEGI as a reserve area with high potential for use this as a result there are no villages upstream to deposit their waste into the flow is just Jaltepec and San Jose, where he began the process of contamination, as water use and end in black river.